Best open access policies in 2025 - Featured

What Are the Best Open Access Policies in 2025?

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Introduction

Open access (OA) was once the rebellious outsider of academic publishing—the scrappy alternative to expensive journal subscriptions that locked publicly funded research behind paywalls. Fast forward to 2025, and OA is no longer a fringe movement. It’s the new standard—but not without growing pains, contradictions, and a fair share of chaos. From policy frameworks to publishing models, the race to open research has become as much about power and money as it is about access and equity.

This article goes beyond surface-level cheerleading to examine the best open access policies in 2025 that are genuinely transforming scholarly publishing today. We’re not interested in wishful thinking or declarations that sound good in grant applications. We’re talking about real-world policies—enforced, scalable, and ideally, replicable.

The global OA policy ecosystem in 2025 is a fascinating mix of top-down mandates, grassroots initiatives, experimental platforms, and infrastructure investments. From the rule-heavy cOAlition S in Europe to Latin America’s community-driven diamond model, from China’s quiet infrastructural dominance to the U.S.’s bold zero-embargo rule, different regions are trying to solve the same problem with wildly different tools.

And the stakes? Nothing less than the future of knowledge distribution, scientific credibility, and academic equity worldwide.

The Criteria: What Makes a “Best” Open Access Policy?

Let’s agree on the yardstick. The best pen access policies aren’t necessarily the ones that sound the most progressive. They’re the ones that deliver on the promise of open access, without bankrupting institutions, excluding marginalized researchers, or propping up legacy monopolies.

In evaluating global OA policies in 2025, we focus on five key criteria:

  1. Immediate, unrestricted access to research outputs — no embargoes, no publisher lock-ins.
  2. Affordability for researchers and institutions — policies that curb or eliminate predatory APC models.
  3. Support for a diverse publishing ecosystem — including regional and non-profit journals, not just the high-impact elites.
  4. Enforceability and real compliance — because policies that aren’t enforced are just white noise.
  5. Equity and inclusivity — across languages, disciplines, income levels, and geographic regions.

Ultimately, we’re interested in policies that not only open access but also redistribute power, shifting it away from oligopolistic control and toward academic communities, institutions, and the public that funds them.

Plan S: Evolving but Still Pivotal

Plan S, launched by cOAlition S in 2018, remains one of the most aggressive and influential open access policies in the world. It mandates that all research funded by participating agencies must be published in compliant OA venues, with immediate access and open licensing (typically CC BY). In 2025, Plan S matured into a global standard-setter, influencing policy far beyond Europe.

The initial friction, particularly around hybrid journals and author freedom, has given way to a more strategic implementation. Most transformative agreements are being phased out, and fully OA journals that meet technical, ethical, and economic standards are favored. Compliance is no longer optional: funders under cOAlition S reject reports that don’t meet OA criteria and have begun auditing grantees for violations.

According to cOAlition S, a significant and growing proportion of funded research is now being published in fully open access journals or deposited in repositories that ensure immediate public access.

However, Plan S has not solved the APC problem. Top-tier publishers have exploited the OA mandate to hike fees—$3,000 to $10,000 per article is not unheard of. cOAlition S has published “price transparency” requirements and called for APC caps, but adoption is spotty. There’s also a growing concern that wealthy institutions have adapted better than low—and middle-income universities, effectively entrenching a two-tiered publishing system.

Nonetheless, Plan S remains a landmark policy, and in 2025, it will be less of a sledgehammer and more of a scalpel—still sharp but more targeted.

Latin America’s Diamond OA: Underrated, Still Leading

While the West debates Gold vs. Green, Latin America continues to lead quietly with its Diamond Open Access model—a system where publishing is free for both authors and readers. Platforms like RedALyC, SciELO, and Latindex have created a decentralized, public infrastructure for scholarly communication, rooted in state and university support rather than commercial interests.

Presently, over 50% of peer-reviewed research in Latin America (some countries achieve over 70%) is available through open platforms, covering STEM, humanities, and even Indigenous knowledge. The region’s success stems from a fundamentally different philosophy: that research is a public good, not a commodity. Here, OA isn’t a business model. It’s an academic norm.

RedALyC and SciELO have also pushed technical innovation, implementing XML markup, persistent identifiers, usage metrics, and even ORCID integrations. They’re not just repositories; they’re fully functional publishing ecosystems.

That said, challenges remain. While the model is equitable, sustainability is a recurring issue. Government budget cuts, political upheavals, and weak currency valuations threaten long-term stability. Additionally, Latin American journals often lack visibility in global citation indices, limiting their international prestige, a critical factor for researchers chasing career advancement.

Still, Latin America’s model proves high-quality OA publishing can be done without turning authors into customers or readers into revenue streams.

United States: Zero Embargo, High Stakes

The U.S. has historically lagged behind Europe in national OA mandates, but the 2022 Nelson Memo flipped the script. As of 2025, all federally funded research must be made openly available to the public, without embargo, upon publication. It’s a game-changer.

This policy doesn’t require Gold OA or specific journals. Researchers can publish wherever they like, as long as they deposit the accepted manuscript in an approved repository (like PubMed Central, DOE PAGES, or agency-specific platforms) immediately.

That flexibility is key. It reduces dependency on APC-driven Gold OA, allowing for more affordable Green OA workflows. Several major institutions—including UC, Harvard, and MIT—have now implemented automated deposit workflows, integrating publisher APIs with institutional repositories.

Yet, compliance varies wildly across disciplines. Life sciences are thriving thanks to infrastructure like PubMed Central. However, the social sciences and humanities are struggling, lacking established repositories or clear mandates. Funding agencies have issued FAQs, workshops, and training materials, but without consistent enforcement, compliance is often left to researchers’ discretion.

The big challenge? Culture and convenience. Many researchers still prefer prestige journals that don’t support immediate OA, and institutional librarians are spread thin. Without further investment in OA infrastructure and staff, the zero-embargo policy could become more symbolic than systemic.

Still, as a federal policy covering billions in research funding, the U.S. model sets an essential precedent for openness at scale.

China: Quiet Domination Through Infrastructure

In China, open access isn’t discussed as a philosophical ideal—it’s deployed as a strategic tool. Instead of sweeping mandates, the Chinese government has opted to build the world’s most extensive academic publishing infrastructure, which includes repositories, indexing platforms, journal portals, and AI-driven content curation systems.

The 2023 National Science Open (NSO) launch marked a turning point. With over 250 participating institutions and direct links to research funders, NSO provides OA versions of state-funded research, often with full data sets and multilingual abstracts.

China has achieved over 60% OA availability for research produced with public funds. And that’s just the surface. The real power lies in integrating national repositories, institutional databases, and AI-driven search engines, creating a self-contained knowledge economy.

Interestingly, Chinese OA doesn’t focus on licenses like CC BY. Instead, access rights are framed as “controlled openness,” where content is free but often restricted from being reused or redistributed internationally. This creates friction with Western standards but aligns with China’s broader digital sovereignty goals.

The message is clear: while others argue over APCs and embargoes, China is building faster, bigger, and smarter.

South Africa and the Rise of National OA Policies in the Global South

South Africa is emerging as a leader in coordinated OA policy among low- and middle-income countries. Its Open Science Policy Framework, launched in 2022, now underpins national strategies across research funding, data infrastructure, and institutional publishing.

Every publicly funded research project must deposit findings and underlying data into the South African National Open Repository, which supports multiple languages, including isiZulu, Afrikaans, and Sesotho. This multilingual commitment is rare — and vital — for preserving and elevating non-Western epistemologies.

Furthermore, South Africa has taken a unique approach: combining Open Access with Open Data, ensuring that publications are accompanied by datasets, software, and methodology documents, boosting reproducibility and trust in research.

Technical and financial constraints are real. But thanks to partnerships with the African Open Science Platform and UNESCO, South African institutions have received grants for infrastructure development, training, and even journal digitization programs.

The Global South rarely gets the spotlight in OA debates, but South Africa’s model offers a blueprint: national policy aligned with academic autonomy and international collaboration.

India: Stuck Between Ambition and Implementation

India has long advocated open access, and with good reason. With over 1.5 million researchers, more than 40,000 academic institutions, and a vibrant startup scene in edtech, India has every reason to support cost-free access to knowledge.

Yet, the country still lacks an enforced national OA mandate. The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) outlined bold OA ambitions in 2020, but implementation has been stalled by bureaucratic inertia and inconsistent institutional buy-in.

India’s key OA infrastructure—like Shodhganga (a digital thesis repository) and INDIAdoc—serves millions of users but remains underfunded and poorly integrated. Many institutions run OA repositories, but only a few mandate self-archiving.

Interestingly, India’s strongest OA presence comes from society journals in STEM fields. These journals—often affiliated with engineering or medical bodies—have adopted moderate APCs ($150–$400), fast peer review, and DOI assignment, making them attractive and sustainable.

But India’s full potential remains untapped. A national OA strategy with enforceable mandates, platform investments, and funder incentives could transform the country into a global leader overnight.

Europe Beyond Plan S: Diversity or Fragmentation?

Europe, for all its regulatory energy, is now a mosaic of OA strategies. Plan S set the foundation, but individual countries have moved in different directions:

  • The Netherlands now boasts 100% OA coverage for publicly funded research, largely through transformative agreements with major publishers.
  • Germany’s Projekt DEAL has reshaped negotiations but faces mounting criticism for APC bloat and limited transparency.
  • France continues to champion Green OA, pushing researchers to deposit manuscripts into HAL, one of the most advanced open repositories in the world.
  • Finland, Norway, and Sweden are investing in national OA publishing platforms to support diamond journals, particularly in the humanities and local languages.

Is this diversity a strength or a liability? Both. While experimentation is healthy, the lack of standardized discoverability, metadata, and indexing creates friction for cross-border collaboration. Efforts like OpenAIRE help, but there’s still work to do.

Still, Europe remains a powerhouse. Over 70% of all peer-reviewed publications funded by national agencies are openly available, a rate unmatched anywhere else.

The Role of UNESCO: Global Coordination Without Bureaucratic Bloat?

UNESCO may not issue mandates, but its 2021 Recommendation on Open Science has quietly become the global OA constitution. It urges member states to adopt inclusive, equitable, and community-driven policies for access and openness across the research lifecycle.

As of 2025, over 70 countries have adopted or aligned their national policies with UNESCO’s framework. The organization’s Open Science Monitoring Reports provide comparative dashboards for countries, helping funders, librarians, and policymakers track progress.

What makes UNESCO unique is its neutrality and convening power. Unlike Plan S or U.S. federal policies, it brings together stakeholders from countries with vastly different capacities, funding models, and political systems. It also invests heavily in South-South collaboration and multilingual access.

The catch? UNESCO’s influence is only as strong as a country’s willingness to act. But as a norm-setter and catalyst, its role has been invaluable — and continues to grow.

What About the Publishers?

Let’s not kid ourselves. The biggest OA policy influencers in 2025 still wear tailored suits and collect licensing fees. The largest commercial publishers have publicly embraced Open Access but remain committed to profit-first models.

APC-funded Gold OA is their favorite game. The average APC for top-tier OA journals from Elsevier or Springer Nature hovers around $3,700, with some reaching $11,000 for high-impact venues. Price transparency remains elusive despite mounting pressure from funders and watchdogs.

Some publishers now offer “premium OA packages” that bundle priority peer review, promotional services, and analytics dashboards. It’s a marketing gimmick masquerading as innovation.

There are exceptions. A few mid-sized publishers have launched diamond initiatives in collaboration with universities. But these are dwarfed by the industry’s relentless drive to monetize openness.

Ultimately, publishers respond to policy, not ethics. When funders and governments enforce mandates, publishers adapt. When left to self-regulate, they optimize for shareholders.

Conclusion

In 2025, open access is no longer about idealism. It’s about implementation. The best policies are those that deliver access without sacrificing equity, and that challenge the publishing status quo without creating new gatekeepers.

Latin America’s diamond OA remains a model of equitable infrastructure. Plan S continues to wield influence through strict enforcement. The U.S. zero-embargo mandate has redefined repository-led OA. And China, ever pragmatic, is investing in infrastructure that could quietly dominate the global stage.

Open access is not one policy or one direction—it’s a contest of visions. Some want openness as a right. Others see it as a tool. And a few, unfortunately, treat it as a market opportunity.

The future of OA will be determined not by declarations but by action—and by who controls the tools, the platforms, and ultimately, the story of knowledge itself.

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